401080 Research Protocol Design And Assessment Answer

Brown (2011) states that stunting growth is a reduced rate of growing in human beings’ development which is primarily as a result of undernutrition. The height of the person is small as compared to their age. The highest percentage of the world’s stunted children at 90% live in Asia and Africa. In countries such as India poor sanitation lead to the highest number of stunted growth cases. The victims of stunted growth may never regain the lost height due to the condition (Brown, 2011).

A report done by Tapas Chakma on the Baiga community’s stunted growth indicates that there is high levels of malnutrition in the community which is due to the inadequate dietary intake, faulty feeding habits, low purchasing power and the poor socio-economic position in the community. The study discovered that the level of ceral consumption in the community was higher than required. The cereals had inadequate iron proteins and calories. The study suggests that measures such as the food security improvement and improvement of government and non-government institution’s supplementary feeding programmes should be done in the community on order to ensure the menace is curbed (Chakma, Rao & Meshram, 2013).

The early age of life from 0-5 years is an important period of physical and cognitive development of child which later on improves the quality of life. This quality can be made better by improving the nutritional status (Srivastava, Mahmood, Shrotriya, Kumar & Srivastava, 2012). Malnutrition is defined as a condition which results either by consuming too much nutrients or by taking a diet which do not contains enough nutrients as per the need of body for normal growth. The main indicators of malnutrition are stunting, overweight and wasting (UNICEF,2018).

Stunting is sign of poor nutrition and the rates are highest in India with more than one- third of stunted children of age 0-65 months (World Bank, 2009). Stunting occurs during 0-23 months of life and continues to the age of 5 years. It is anticipated that approximately 70% of stunting occurs during first 2 years of childhood (Akombi, Agho, Merom, Hall, Burt & Renzaho,2017).  According to Srivastava,2012, statistically, a child with z- score <-2.00 is identified as stunted while a child is said to be severely stunted with z-score <-3.00. Stunting results in various short term or long term consequences such as low motor performance, impaired physical growth, weak immune system, high death rate, impaired academic performance and reduces the productivity in later life (Menon, Headey, Avula & Nguyen, 2017). Stunting can be measured by anthropometric examination and growth assessment (Srivastava, Mahmood, Kumar & Shrotriya,2012).

A study done by Waterlow on West Bengal’s nutritional status showed that the prevalence of stunting was 22.7%, underweight 49.6% and wasting 1.7%. it was discovered that stunting, overweight and wasting is more dominant in pre-school children as compared to school going children. The preference was higher in boys as compared to girls. The study concluded that the nutritional status in the Indian  

region of West Bengal was life-threatening and relevant authorities should take measures to avert the situation (Waterlow, 2012).

According to WHO a research done on the SEA region on stunted growth compared to the global average of 26% shows that the countries of India, Nepal, Indonesia, Bangladesh and Timor-Leste have a stunted growth percentage larger than both the global and the regional averages (WHO, 2013).

The prevalence of undernutrition is tending to increase more in the developing or low income nations like India because of lack of attention by government, parents and several other factors which results in stunted children (Dewey& Begum, 2011). According to Tiwari, Ausman & Agho (2014) stunting among children under 5 is a major cause of increased burden of disorders worldwide with 80% of the burden in developing countries. In India, the prevalence rates of undernutrition are higher in tribal communities because of their dietary habits and false myths (Chakma, Meshram, Rao, Singh & Kavishwar, 2009). According to statistics given by United Nation Children’s Fund, stunting is a major problem in Nigeria with a prevalence rate of 36% (Akombi, Agho, Merom, Hall, Burt & Renzaho, 2017). Similarly, according to Islam, Mahfuz, Sanin, Ahmed and Mondal, 2018, around 50% of children living in urban slum areas of Dhaka are found to be stunted. Similarly stunting is still a serious menace for Nepal also where 41% of children under 5 are stunted (Tiwari, Ausman & Agho, 2014).  

In conclusion the eight articles reviewed show that there are a number of common factors that leads to stunting among childhood such as economical condition of family, age, gender, religion, region, type of family (joint or nuclear), dietary habits of family, education of parents and parental support (Srivastava, Mahmood, Kumar & Shrotriya,2012). The other factors that are responsible for stunted growth in children living in the tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh are needed to be known. The articles suggest that families must put absolute consideration on their nutritional habit and ensure that they are acceptable. Good sanitation habits must be upheld at all times in order to avoid stunted growth cases.

References

Alderman, H., Hoddinott, J., & Kinsey, B. (2006). Long term consequences of early childhood malnutrition. Oxford economic papers, 58(3), 450-474.

Akombi, B.J., Agho, K.E., Hall, J.J., Merom. D., Astell- Burt, T., Renzaho, A.M.N. (2017). Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Paediatrics. Doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z.

Brown, L. R. (2011). WOMEN AND FOOD SECURITY: ROLES, CONSTRAINTS, AND MISSED OPPORTUNITIES. The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition-Volume III, 316.

Chakma, T., Meshram, P.K., Rao, P.V., Singh, S.B., Kavishwar, A. (2009). Nutritional status of Baiga- A primitive tribe of Madhya Pradesh. Anthropologist, II (1): 39-43.

Chen, L. C., Chowdhury, A. A., & Huffman, S. L. (2008). Anthropometric assessment of energy-protein malnutrition and subsequent risk of mortality among preschool aged children. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 33(8), 1836-1845.

Campbell, M. O. N. (2005). Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: assessing ecological and social dimensions. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 26(2), 151-169.

Chakma, T., Rao, P. V., & Meshram, P. K. (2013). Factors associated with high compliance/feasibility during iron and folic acid supplementation in a tribal area of Madhya Pradesh, India. Public health nutrition, 16(2), 377-380.

Dewey, K.G., Begum, K. (2011). Long- term consequences of stunting in early slife. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00349.x.

De Onis, M., & Blössner, M. (2013). The World Health Organization global database on child growth and malnutrition: methodology and applications. International journal of epidemiology, 32(4), 518-526.

De Onis, M., Monteiro, C., Akré, J., & Clugston, G. (2013). The worldwide magnitude of protein-energy malnutrition: an overview from the WHO Global Database on Child Growth. Bulletin of the World health Organization, 71(6), 703-712.

Fungo, R., Muyonga, J. H., Kabahenda, M., Okia, C. A., & Snook, L. (2016). Factors influencing consumption of nutrient rich forest foods in rural Cameroon. Appetite, 97, 176-184.

Sharma, B. K., Kulshreshtha, S., Sharma, S. K., Lodha, R. M., Singh, S., Singh, M., & Sharma, N. (2013). Physiography and biological diversity of Rajasthan. In Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India (pp. 39-166). Springer, New York, NY.

Gurr, G. M., Liu, J., Johnson, A. C., Woruba, D. N., Kirchhof, G., Fujinuma, R., ... & Akkinapally, R. (2016). Pests, diseases and crop protection practices in the smallholder sweetpotato production system of the highlands of Papua New Guinea. PeerJ, 4, e2703.

Islam, M.M., Sanin, K.I., Mahfuz, M., Ahmed, A.M.S., Mondal, D., Haque, R., Ahmed, T. (2018). Risk factors of stunting children living in an urban slum of Bangladesh: findings of a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health BMC Series, 18: 197.

Menon, P., Headey, D., Avula, R., Nguyen, P.H. (2018). Understanding the geographical burden of stunting in India: A regression- decomposition analysis of district- level data from 2015-2016. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12620.

Onis, M. D., Frongillo, E. A., & Blössner, M. (2009). Is malnutrition declining? An analysis of changes in levels of child malnutrition since 1980. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1222-1233.

Pelletier, D. L., Frongillo Jr, E. A., Schroeder, D. G., & Habicht, J. P. (2005). The effects of malnutrition on child mortality in developing countries. Bulletin of the

Pelletier, D. L., Frongillo Jr, E. A., & Habicht, J. P. (2013). Epidemiologic evidence for a potentiating effect of malnutrition on child mortality. American journal of public health, 83(8), 1130-1133.