Statistics in Decision Making

Practice Problems 1

Virtually every area of business uses statistics in decision making.

True

Parameters are usually denoted by Greek letters, while a statistic is usually denoted by Roman letters.

True

A measurement is when a standard process is used to assign numbers to particular attributes or characteristics of a variable.

True

Numerical data in which the numbers are used only to classify or categorize the observations are an example of interval data.

False

The highest level of data measurement is the ratio-level measurement.

True

Statistical techniques can be separated into categories: parametric statistics and nonparametric statistics.

True

Nominal- and Ordinal-level data are called nonmetric data.

True

Metric data is lower level data than the nonmetric data

False

Since statistics deals with primarily with facts and figures, ethical considerations do not play any role in statistical analysis.

False

Common uses of the word statistics include all of the following except _________.

autobiographies

The study of statistics can be subdivided in which of the following ways?

Descriptive and inferential statistics

Which of the following descriptive measure is not a statistic?

population mean µ

The study of statistics is generally divided into two branches called descriptive statistics and __________.

inferential statistics

To study the impact of advertising on various market segments, market researchers use __________  

inferential statistics

Researchers want to study whether women or men are more adept at remembering where they leave misplaced items (such as credit cards, purse). They collected 500 women and men to participate a study in which each person placed 10 common objects in a 12-room “virtual” house represented on a computer screen. 30 minutes later, the participants were asked to recall where they put each of the items, and for each subject, the answer was recorded to be “yes” or “no”. In this study, the researchers used

inferential statistics

A small portion or a subset of the population on which data is collected for conducting statistical analysis is called __________.

a sample

The activity or the process of collecting the data on the population is called __________.

a census

One investigating company tracked all credit card purchases during 2012 and measured two variables: (1) the type of credit card used (VISA, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover), and (2) the amount (in dollars) of each purchase. The data set collected represents __________.  

a population

Researchers want to investigate the relationship between the voters’ income level and their voting tendencies in the United States. They took a random sample from each state and asked them about their tendency of voting. What is the population in this problem?

all of the voters in United States

From the above problem, what is the sample?

all the voters collected by the researchers from each state

When you use the data gathered from a group to describe or reach conclusions about that same group, you are performing __________.

descriptive statistics

When you use the data gathered from a sample to generate statistics to reach conclusions about the population from which the sample was taken, you are performing __________.

inferential statistics

A descriptive measure of a population is called __________.

a parameter

A descriptive measure of a sample is called __________.

a statistic

To study the impact of advertising on various market segments, a soft drink company creates an advertisement depicting a dispensing machine that talks to the buyer, and market researchers measure the impact of the new advertisement on various age group and they use __________.

inferential statistics

Which of the following statements about population parameters is most appropriate?

Inferences about population parameters are always subject to uncertainty.

A company wants to learn the customers’ purchase habits of buying certain products. This company did a survey about a random 1000 customers, who were asked about the times they purchased the certain products within one month. Then what is the data in this example

all the records times of purchasing the certain products for all of the 100 customers

Researchers often wish to measure consumers' satisfaction toward certain products and might ask consumers to specify their feelings as either "very dissatisfied", "somewhat dissatisfied", "somewhat satisfied", or "very satisfied". This is an example of what level of data?

ordinal

Researchers often wish to know the color preference of consumers and might ask consumers to specify their favorite color, such as red, blue, yellow or purple. This is an example of what level of data?

nominal

What is the level of data corresponding to a military rank (Lieutenant, Captain, Major)?

ordinal

One investigating company tracked all credit card purchase during 2012 and measured two variables: (1) the type of credit card used (VISA, MasterCard, American Express, or Discover), and (2) the amount (in dollars) of each purchase. Identify the level of each variable measured.

Nominal level, Ratio level

Chemists need to measure the temperature when performing chemistry experiments. What is the level of the data of the heat measured in degrees centigrade?

interval

A score on a 15-point multiple choices quiz measuring knowledge of statistics is an example of a(n)

ordinal

Which level of data measurement allows the most or broadest application of statistical techniques  

Ratio

Which of the following statements captures a key aspect of ratio level data?

 ratio data have an absolute zero, i.e., the zero value represents the absence of the characteristic being studied

Which of the following type of data is the highest level of data measurement?

ratio level data

Which of the following type of data is the lowest level of data measurement?

nominal level data

Parametric statistics require that data be __________

interval or ratio

Nonparametric statistics must be used if the data are __________.

nominal or ordinal

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of a coal-fired generating plant upon the water quality of a river. As part of an environmental impact study, fish were captured, tagged, and released. The following information was recorded for each fish:

sex(0=female, 1=male), length (cm), maturation (0=young, 1=adult), weight (g). The level of these data is:  

nominal, ratio, ordinal, ratio

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