Hea542 Impact Of Nutrition Or Assessment Answer

The researcher used keywords in searching for current relevant articles for the critical review. These include type 2 diabetes, management, prevention, diet, and nutrition alongside other specific phrases on the nutritional pattern. Search engines such as Google Scholar, Elsevier, NCBI, Springer, and PubMed were searched for primary research articles and secondary sources such as meta-analysis. Further filtration was done on the articles published for the last ten years and published in the English language. The reference lists of the selected articles were searched as well, and some of them were included in the study as much as it was deemed appropriate by the researcher. Five main articles derived from the above search procedure, and included in this review include: the efficacy of dietary education on the knowledge of diabetic patient using the HBM, prevention and control of type 2 diabetes: nutritional aspects and approaches, the association between nutrient intake and the advancement of type 2 diabetes, risk of type 2 diabetes in relation to the consumption of vegetable and animal protein, and the relationship between the use of milk and milk products and the prevalence of diabetes in Australia.

The empirical study by Sharifirad, Entezari, Kamran, and Azadbakht (2009) focused on the usefulness of the Health Belief Model (HBM) on dietary education in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetic. The study focused on eighty-eight diabetic patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and were attendees of Iranian Diabetes Association sessions during the period of study. The intervention comprised of two educational seminars teach lasting for one hour 20 minutes. The population was equally divided into two groups namely the intervention group (that received the two educational sessions) and the control group which did not receive any dietary education. A validated and reliable questionnaire was used to gather data on nutritional knowledge, demographic information, elements of the HBM, and dietary practice. The outcomes of the two groups were compared using the values of the variables under study. The variables of comparison consisted of the elements of the HBM namely strictness, vulnerability, susceptible, advantages and obstacles.

The authors found out that there was a significant increase in the values of the study variables in the experimental group as well as substantial variations when compared to the placebo group after the intervention. However, there was no significant variation between the study groups concerning the elements of the HBM. There was a substantial increase in the supposed vulnerability in the experimental group against the control group with mean variations of 29 and -2.6 respectively. Similarly, supposed strictness had a significant mean difference of 27.5 against 17.2 respectively, supposed susceptible had 28.5 against 0.6, supposed advantages had mean variations of 21.1 against -3.1 respectively. There was a substantial reduction in the perceived obstacles after the intervention in the experimental group compared to the placebo group. Regarding the dietary knowledge and practice in type 2 diabetes after and before the intervention, the results indicated a higher significant difference after the intervention in the case group. The authors concluded that dietary education increased patient’s knowledge and minimized their fasting blood glucose, thus confirming the effectiveness of the HBM in nutritional education.

Similar findings have also been arrived at by Shah, Kamdar, and Shah (2009) and Bains and Egede (2011) who reported a significant increase in nutritional knowledge after an educational intervention and a corresponding decline in type 2 diabetes risk. Chlebowy, Hood, and LaJoie, (2010) observed that the absence of health food and healthy recipes in restaurants were the main obstacles to adherence to the diet. A study by Malathy, Narmadha, Ramesh, Alvin, and Dinesh (2011) also found out that there was an increase in nutritional practice after an intervention of educational program.

The study by Sharifirad et al. (2009) minimized common biases that are characteristic of such studies by matching the experimental and control groups. Limited bias in a study makes the inferences more credible and increases generalizability (Ihantola & Kihn, 2011). However, most of the respondents were female, thus limiting the application to female population and yet studies have clearly shown that type 2 diabetes is much more common in men than in women (Siddiqui, Khan, & Carline, 2013). Therefore, the outcomes of this study impact the nursing profession and practice because it proves that nutritional knowledge is more effective in the prevention and treatment of diabetes than the usual treatment procedures. This, therefore, requires the medical providers to be knowledgeable on this approach to be effective in healthcare delivery.

Ley, Hamdy, Mohan, and Hu (2014) conducted a review of published articles on the function of nutrition in the prevention and management of diabetes. The authors searched using search engines such as Google Scholar and PubMed for primary and secondary publications published within the last five years of the time of research. However, the old publications that are usually referenced and book chapters were also cited to provide the audience with an in-depth understanding of the study topic. The researchers analyzed their findings into various themes that comprehensively addressed multiple aspects associated with diet and the prevention and management of diabetes. These themes include diet transition and worldwide nutritional trends, nutritional factors for the prevention of diabetes, and nutritional factors for the management of diabetes.

Concerning diet transition and worldwide nutritional trends, Ley et al. (2014) found out the high incidence rates of type 2 diabetes are as a result of urbanization and changes in the environment, in addition to transitions in work patterns from intensive manual work to sedentary jobs, advanced transportation, and mechanization. Popkin, Adair, and Ng (2012) note that economic development and changes in the environment has caused the rapid transitions in food production, processing, and transportation of unhealthy foods. Epidemiological transitions have also been experienced in the livestock industry which has led to the increased supply of processed meat (Popkin et al., 2012).

The authors also found out that the nutritional factors that lead to the prevention of diabetes include quantity and quality of dietary fat, positive energy balance and excess deposition, vitamins and minerals, quality and quantity of carbohydrates, specific foods and food categories, beverages, dietary patterns and general condition of the diet (Malik et al., 2010). The nutritional factors for the control of diabetes as found by Ley et al. (2014) include interventions on body loss, quality of carbohydrates, protein, macronutrients, fats, dietary pattern, supplementation of minerals and vitamins, and alcohol.

The study has provided a detailed procedure of its search strategy and the criteria for inclusion. The comprehensive details make the research to be replicable in different settings and increase the credibility of the studies since any possible doubt of bias is exposed. The selection criteria used makes sure that the reviewed articles are relevant, and therefore the conclusions arrived at are valid. However, there is no statistical verification of the findings thus making it difficult for the researcher to verify the findings of the review objectively. Furthermore, the absence of statistical analysis makes it hard to examine causality especially in cases where there are inconsistent outcomes.

The study has proved that the management and prevention of diabetes can effectively be handled through dietary intake. This affects nursing profession in healthcare delivery because it requires the health care providers to be much aware of how the diet works in the deterrence and control of type 2 diabetes to be able to utilize the intervention in diabetic patients.

Yu et al. (2011) used the Chinese adults to examine the association between dietary intake and the development of type 2 diabetes. The study took place at the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong. The researchers adopted a prospective cohort study and used a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) (Esfahani, Asghari, Mirmiran, & Azizi, 2010). The dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis in which dietary glycaemic load and several snacks were determined. The population under study were aged 25 to 74 years and had been involved in the 1995-1996 nation-wide prevalence survey of dietary and cardiovascular risk. The researcher followed up these individuals to find out any possible development of diabetes for 9-14 years. Seventy-four diabetic incidences were found and dietary patterns categorized into four main groups namely additional snacks and drinks, additional animal and animal products, additionally processed grains, and additional fruits and vegetables. There was a 14% lower risk of diabetes in those who had a high intake of fish, fruits, and vegetables, while those with high consumption of animal and animal products had 39% greater risk of diabetes. There was a dependent relationship between rice consumption, dietary glycaemic load, and the consumption of snacks and in different forms with diabetes. Therefore, this study shows that the risk of diabetes is directly associated with diet, and plant-based foods have a much lower risk of developing diabetes compared to animal and animal products. Similar findings were also arrived at by (Erber et al., 2009).

The study was approved by the ethics committee from two institutions, and it adhered to the principles provided in the Declaration of Helsinki regarding experiments on human subjects. This is important because it shows that the research was beneficial and had a low risk of harm to the participants. Furthermore, the obtained consent from the participants is an indication of their willful participation in the research. The use of Student's t-test and chi-square test provided the validity of the quantitative instruments used in the study.  This is important because it ensures that the responses of the participants upon which the inferences are made are unbiased.

A validated FFQ was used in dietary assessment thus increasing the validity of the findings. The use of the glycaemic index values and the Dietary Quality Index-International (DCQI-I) that are internationally recognized (Atkinson, Foster-Powell, & Brand-Miller, 2008)  further increased the accuracy of the findings. This shows that the results can not only be reliable but can be replicated in different geographical settings. However, the study reported very few cases of diabetes, an indication that some of the predisposing factors might not have been statistically substantial. Additionally, the single use of FFQ may fail to be representative of long-term dietary intake. The findings by Yu et al. (2011) provide enough evidence of the expectations of the healthcare providers. These findings demonstrate that the health profession should focus more on the alternative methods of preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes. This requires that they focus on the individual dietary components of each food and their benefit in treating type 2 diabetes.

Huxley et al. (2009) conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis on the relationship between decaffeinated coffee, coffee, and the intake of tea with the risk of diabetes. The author's used search engines to locate relevant studies by employing a combination of keywords and specific dietary terms. The search range included articles published between 1966 and 2009 on the relationship between tea, coffee, and coffee without caffeine. The authors ended up including 18 articles in their study out of the 120 full articles that were reviewed. Thirteen studies showed estimate relationship between tea and decaffeinated coffee and risk of diabetes. The authors also found a converse log-linear association between the intake of coffee and consequent risk of diabetes in that for each extra cup of coffee taken a day there was a corresponding 7% drop in the relative risk of excess diabetes. These findings are contrary to those of Ding, Bhupathiraju, Chen, van Dam, and Hu  (2014) who found out that diabetes risk was inversely proportional to type 2 diabetic patients aged 60 years and below. Otherwise, the risk increased by 40% in the patients older than 60 years. Furthermore, other studies have associated increased levels of coffee and tea intake to risky behaviors that contribute to developing diabetes, for example, inactivity and smoking of cigarettes (Hu, 2011).

The study provides a detailed procedure on how the review was conducted in addition to providing a flow diagram for the same. This makes the outcomes more credible and minimizes any possible bias that may be attributed to the process of analysis. Inter-rater reliability was achieved through the use of two of the researchers in data extraction and the involvement of over three of them in the literature review.   

The authors were not able to carry out an analysis for intake of tea because the reviewed articles relied only on the adjusted estimates. The generalizability of the study to other settings is limited because only 20% of the non-white population was included making it difficult to apply the findings to western populations. Furthermore, the small sample size over a large area may lead to overestimation as a result of small-study bias. The findings by Huxley et al. (2009) on the relationship between the consumption of coffee, tea and coffee without caffeine with risk of developing type 2 diabetes is faced by a lot of limitations as explained above and thus this shows that further studies should be conducted on the same topic to provide additional and explicit knowledge of the same.

McNaughton, Dunstan, Ball, Shaw, and Crawford (2009) investigated the relationship between diet quality, diabetes and other chronic illnesses using a cross-sectional study by the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle survey on adults aged 25 years and above. FFQ data and dietary guideline index were used to examine diet quality. Linear regression adjusted for age, education, activity, BMI, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking were used to assess the relationship between diet quality and diabetes. The authors found out an inverse relationship between diet quality and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in men and with pre-diabetes in women. The findings also demonstrated that high-risk factors for type 2 diabetes were due to the lack of adherence to the standardized dietary guidelines. The outcomes of the authors are in agreement with those of Fung, McCullough, Van Dam, and Hu (2007) which demonstrated a converse association between quality diet and the prevalence of type diabetes in women. Similarly, Fogli-Cawley et al. (2007) found an inverse relationship with blood pressure and size of the waist in adults of both genders.

The study has some strengths and limitations, and therefore impact the health profession.  It used an already established and proved dietary index to make recommendations for healthy food consumption in Australia. The different methods of determining diseases used in the study strengthen the validity of the findings. Furthermore, the reliability of the conclusions was ascertained by using two tests (FFQ data and dietary guideline index) to arrive at the same conclusion. The sample size for diabetes was small to warrant generalizability thus decreasing its external validity. The study has also examined several confounders such as demographic characteristics, lifestyle conduct, among other risk factors in its analysis. This strengthens the credibility of the findings and the possibility of being replicated in different settings. Furthermore, the outcomes can be used in the nursing profession as a basis for recommending treatments to diabetic patients and for as a basis for further research.

Conclusion

The continuing increase in the incidences of type 2 diabetes across the globe has led to much focus on the alternative methods of preventing and controlling the chronic condition. Several studies have been conducted on the various aspects of dietary intake, nutritional components, and strategies and their association with type 2 diabetes. The objective of this study was to ascertain the effectiveness of Nutrition or dietary intake in the management of type 2 diabetes by conducting a critical review of the relevant and current literature. A review of five peers reviewed journal articles addressing the various aspects of diet, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes was conducted in this study. The findings across the review point towards a consensus on the significant positive effect of diet on the prevention and control of type 2 diabetes. These findings also indicate the health profession should also update their approach towards dealing with chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes

References

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